Editing Motorcycle design

'''Motorcycle design''' can be described as activities that define the appearance, function and engineering of [[motorcycle]]s.  

Professionally it is a branch of industrial design, similar to automotive design using identical techniques and methodology, but confined by a set of conventions about what is acceptable to the buying public. These conventions have been defined by the acceptance of the industry and media as a whole to the assumption that the public will only purchase machines that bear more than a passing resemblance to competition machines of whatever kind. In some large [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] motorcycle manufacturers, the term designer can also be applied to the project leader or chief engineer charged with laying down the principle architecture of the vehicle.  In recent years it has also become associated with custom or "[[chopper]]" builder culture.

==Motivations==
In general, motorcycle design appears to follows standard industrial [[doctrine]] of designing products that fulfill market demands, satisfy engineering and economic requirements to produce safe and profitable vehicles.  But in reality these demands are engineered by a number of vested interests starting with the sporting promoters, the motorcycling press and ending with the motorcycle manufacturers themselves.

The market has been educated by the media and the industry to think that the present state of design development comes from a gradual development of the motorcycle from its original concept as a motorised bicycle, discarding on the way any developments that prove to be inherently unsafe or unsaleable. But this is totally untrue. In the 1950s interest in various forms of streamlining developed and by 1957 all the leading manufacturers that competed in road racing were using a form of full streamlining that covered the front wheel. Some were developing new and radical designs that would enclose the rider. But all this progress was brought to a halt by the governing body of motorcycle sport (the [[FIM]]) and other commercial interests. These were mainly those who thought the sport might lose money and those who were reluctant to spend on wind tunnel research and new designs. It was claimed that many of the new designs were unsafe but in reality many of the most radical designs were in fact safer, even in those early days. Nevertheless a ban was imposed on any design that might enclose the wheels or the rider.

Thus enforcing on motorcycle design the exposed vulnerability of the rider and machine that had already cost so many lives. It is obvious that having to design all the brake, suspension and steering components to aesthetically look good before they can be used will retard progress. Then there is the protection afforded by a smooth, rounded streamline shell to the rider and pedestrian in a collision. When the emphasis on safety and crash testing for cars arrived, the design of motorcycles  was and still is in a straitjacket which allows the manufacturers to conveniently abrogate their responsibility for any effort to protect the rider. The possibility of fitting new safety devices like those that are now used in cars was there then and still is especially in designs such as the [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]] flying hammock. Due to the highly emotive and often symbolic nature of motorcycles as social and cultural instruments, the practice of designing one has now become just as much an exercise in intuitive human psychology as rendering the relevant observations into metal and plastic.

== Professional Design ==

Professional motorcycle designers almost always hold degrees in industrial design, industrial design engineering or similar, and have training in styling, modeling, as well as knowledge in aspects of technology associated with single track vehicles.  Although no degree as a specialisation exists per se, the majority of candidates graduate through colleges and universities with established transportation design courses, and are trained as automotive designers. 

Most OEM motorcycle manufacturers, such as [[Honda]], [[Suzuki]], [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries|Kawasaki]], [[BMW]], [[Ducati]], [[Piaggio]] and others have in-house design studios dedicated to this purpose, while others such as [[Yamaha]] and [[KTM]] depend on specialised independent design consultancies.

== Methodology ==
=== Design and Engineering Relationships ===

Due to the high importance of mechanical components or even exposed engines to motorcycle styling, almost always designers will have a greater sensitivity and awareness to engineering than will typical car designers.  In OEM situations, large teams of professional engineers and specialists will collaborate on each project development, allowing the designer to focus on the more intangible or subjective aspects of design, such as styling, human-machine interface [[psychology]], and market and cultural relationships.  In other matters such as pure mechanical [[ergonomics]] (such as seat height, handlebar placement, etc.), or basic layout (the location of major components, storage, etc.) there is usually considerable overlap between the designer and engineer.  The designer will nominally approach each problem from a human interface, or "feel" or "irrational" point of view (example : "Does this material feel cold or warm, and is this feeling appropriate to this vehicle's target consumer?"), while the engineer will attack each problem with the "rational" or clinical approach of empirically weighing the cause and effect of each design decision against the project's technical and economic design targets (example : "Can this material be moulded into the designer's desired shape?  Will that be too expensive to produce?")

=== Research and Concept Design ===

In OEM motorcycle design, the normal procedure of developing a new motorcycle involves the same steps in other professional design disciplines : identifying a target consumer, researching them to identify benchmarks and project targets, then proposing concept directions in a written form known as a Design Brief or [[QFD]].  From this point, artwork is developed to visually communicate  the designer's ideas.  These are presented in 2Db drawing or illustrated form, from which a winning direction is down selected for further development.  Once a satisfactory design is established on paper (the term paper is a generalization that can include traditional hand renderings, digital artwork or [[CAD]] drawings), then full scale modeling begins to realise the design in tangible [[Three-dimensional space|3D]] form. 

=== Styling ===

Often used as an interchangeable term with "design", styling is in fact just one component of the design process.  Typically, styling is developed through sketches, renderings and illustrations then realised in 3D form using automotive styling clay, specialised industrial modeling foams such as Sibatool, Renshape or Epiwood, or in increasingly limited cases plaster or body filler.  As the most subjective part of the design process, the various members of the development team must depend heavily on the judgment, skill and experience of the appointed designer to create an appropriate look.  

The most misunderstood element and the most dangerous to the success of a product, is the idea that team members should evaluate the design based on personal tastes or preferences.  Industrial design is not an art form, but a focused creative expression using the scientific data and analysis in the Design Brief and QFD as ultimate guidelines.  The target user, their needs and tastes should be reflected in the final design, not necessarily exclusively those of the design team.  Of course, many complex variables such as the OEM brand identity, past successes and failures, and whimsical trends often skew or distort styling decisions.  In instances where the factors are overwhelming, OEM's may err on the side of cautious conservative design. 
 
=== Parallel Development ===

Because of the need to reduce development time and costs, the "styling" design model is usually developed in parallel with the engineering 3D design.  While there is an increasing amount of digital design input in the modern OEM design process, nearly all major motorcycle manufacturers still rely on full scale clay models to render the master style model, then scan and import the styling surfaces into suitable 3D software packages (Alias, CATIA, ISEM Surf) for integration into the 3D engineering CAD platform (CATIA, ProEngineer, etc.).  Once combined, the design team can virtually refine the motorcycle by optimising component assembly, checking for any undesirable interferences between parts, and predict and eliminate possible engineering problems.  Typically, designers and engineers will have the greatest number of conflicts during this phase of development, as designers will fight to maintain the original styling and design of the clay model and artwork into the production vehicle, while the engineer will eliminate all problems in the most efficient manner possible.  The success of the final product depends heavily on the level of cooperation between these often conflicting needs.

== Amateur & Specialists ==
=== Custom Builders ===

In recent years, largely due to the popularity of television programs like ''[[Orange County Chopper]]'' and ''Biker Build-off'', the building of one of a kind "[[chopper]]" or "cruiser" type motorcycles has become more mainstream, leading to a flourishing builder industry.  As a whole, these vehicles are not designed in the professional sense, but rather crafted by hand by metal workers and artisans using traditional skills.  The resulting vehicles tend to be very elaborate, expensive and difficult or impossible to reproduce in mass production, but are highly valued for the same reasons.  

Among [[custom motorcycle]] culture, certain names have become famous for their creations and have led to mainstream acceptance of previously unacceptable design solutions such as extreme ergonomics, totally rigid rear wheels without the benefit of suspension, minimal lighting and limited ground clearance for cornering.  These design characteristics are purely emotional in nature, being led by styling and image rather than technical or performance considerations.

=== "Specials" ===

Custom and Specials motorcycles are similar to the above but tend to be super sport type motorcycles, or at least high performance based, using as many special add on parts, one of a kind or limited series frames, racing wheels and parts or hand made components to maximise performance.  While modifying motorcycles is an activity as old as the motorcycle itself, the "special" culture or "[[streetfighter]]" began to flourish in the mid 1970's as a response the myriad of high performance Japanese motorcycles then available, but whose power far exceeded their handling.  Individuals would chose pre manufactured parts from catalogs or from other bikes and redesign their particular machine to suit their desires.  In general this activity is limited to one of a kind vehicles and as with custom motorcycles, uses very little genuine engineering or design methodology, although some small scale manufacturers exist who make limited runs of a given model.  In some cases, these tiny specialists were successful enough to grow into full scale OEM companies such as the [[Buell Motorcycle Company]] and [[Bimota]] of [[Italy]].

== References ==
*Cocco, G.; ''Motorcycle Design and Technology'', 1999, Italy, ISBN 88-7911-189-2
*Heskett, J.; J. Heskett, 1980, Great Britain, ISBN 0-500-20181-1
*Royal College of Art, ''Moving Objects'', Great Britain, ISBN 0-9536281-0-8

==External links==
*[http://www.motorcycledesign.com Motorcycle Design]
*[http://www.cardesignnews.com UMEA Institute of Design]

[[Category:Automotive engineering]]
[[Category:Motorcycle technology|Design]]